COVID-19 CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

FROM THE HETAVED COVID-19 RESPONSE AND RESCUE TEAM AND RESOURCES ACTIVATION PROJECT-----HERE ARE THE CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS TO THE GLOBAL COVID-19 PANDEMIC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ea25-qM1D3g&t=186s

How to Make Hand Sanitiser Using WHO-Recommended Handrub Formulations

How to Make Hand Sanitizers Based on WHO Recommended Hand Rub Formula

The recent COVID-19 (Coronavirus) Pandemic,  has caused many people to be running to the local store to stock up  hand sanitizers. This has caused the cost of the sanitizers and materials to skyrocket and many local stores have run out of them. But we don’t need to be worry if you can not find hand sanitizers at your local stores as it is easy to make them at home by yourself. With just three ingredients, you can prepare hand rub formulations that meet  the need of the moment. But for any reason, you can not lay hands on the chemical requirements, you could contact us for guidelines on how to obtain them or order our HETAVED Hand Sanitizers for your use or marketing at both retail or wholesale needs.

How to Make Hand Sanitiser

Let’s first see the basic components of an alcohol-based Hand Sanitizer.

• Alcohol
• Humectant/Emollient
• Disinfectant

Alcohol

The major component of alcohol based formulation is, of course, alcohol. For this, the most commonly used is either 96% Ethanol or 99.8% Isopropyl alcohol. Of these, the easily available one is Isopropyl alcohol, otherwise known as Rubbing Alcohol. Please don’t use other types of alcohol (Methanol, Butanol, or others) since they are toxic and could be very harmful to the human body especially skin and eyes..

Humectant/Emollient

Humectants are moisturizers that will help to prevent the drying of the skin. For WHO formulation- The World Health Organization recommends the one that is miscible in water and alcohol, is non-toxic, or a hypoallergenic. A popular humectant that meets all these requirements is 98% Glycerol. You can also use other humectants such as Aloe Vera Gel.

Disinfectant
An effective disinfectant is added to this formulation to eliminate contaminating spores. An efficient choice is Hydrogen Peroxide. Its also a mild antiseptic as well as an oxidizer. Please keep in mind that the concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide should not exceed the recommended amount.

OTHER REQUIREMENTS:
--You could also enhance the quality with Acetone, colorant and fragrance in drop and according to taste.
--Distilled Water or Cooled Boiled Water (approximately 3/4 of a US cup+ 1 US Table Spoon)


 MATERIALS AND METHODS

1- Industrial or Improvised Mixer
2- Airtight Containers for storing and packaging
3- Giant Stirrer
4- Hand Gloves and Face Mask especially to cover the eyes and nostrils

Hand Sanitiser Using WHO-Recommended Handrub Formulations

The following recipe is based on the guidelines for local production of WHO-recommended hand rub formulations.

To make 1 L (1000 ml) Isopropyl alcohol-based hand sanitizer, you will need:

• 99.8% Isopropyl Alcohol – 751.5 ml (approximately 3 US Cups and 3.5 US Table Spoons)
• 3% Hydrogen Peroxide – 41.7 ml (approximately 2 US Table Spoons and 2.5 US Tea Spoons)
• 98% Glycerol – 14.5 ml (approximately 1 Table Spoon, 1 tbsp = 14.7868 ml)
• 192.3 ml Distilled Water or Cooled Boiled Water (approximately 3/4 of a US cup+ 1 US Table Spoon)

To make 1 L (1000 ml) Ethanol-based hand sanitizer, you will need:

• 96% Ethanol – 833.3 ml (approximately 3.5 US Cups and 1 US Tea Spoons)
• 3% Hydrogen peroxide – 41.7 ml (approximately 2 US Table Spoons and 2.5 US Tea Spoons)
• 98% Glycerol – 14.5 ml (approximately 1 Table Spoon, 1 tbsp = 14.7868 ml)
• 111 ml Sterile distilled or boiled cold water

Steps:

1. Mix all ingredients in a bowl thoroughly using a spoon or pour all ingredients into a glass or plastic bottle and mix by gently shaking the bottle.
2. Close the bottle.
3. Keep the bottles closed for 72 hours before use. This allows time for Hydrogen Peroxide to destroy any spores present in the alcohol or the bottles used.

If you are making large quantities at one go, store in smaller containers of around 100 ml, so that the alcohol does not evaporate much with each time you use.

Some things to keep in mind:

• Final concentrations:
  • Isopropyl Alcohol 75% (v/v) for Isopropyl based hand sanitizer and Ethanol 80% (v/v) for Ethanol-based hand sanitizer – (Please note that WHO based formula has a higher alcohol concentration).
  • Glycerol 1.45% (v/v)
  • Hydrogen peroxide 0.125% (v/v)
• Do keep in mind that glycerol is very viscous. While measuring glycerol, the measuring cup should be rinsed with distilled or boiled and cooled water to be added and then emptied into the bottle.
• Instead of glycerol, you can use aloe vera gel. Other humectants or emollients may be used for skin care, provided that they are mixable in water and alcohol, non-toxic, and hypoallergenic.
• Since alcohols are highly flammable, store the ingredients and final formulation away from heat sources. Keep in mind that the flash points of isopropyl alcohol 75% (v/v) are 17.5°C and 19°C, respectively.
• You may add essential oils that  you are not allergic to.

How to Use Hand Sanitizer

It’s important to mention that hand sanitizers are not the best method to prevent infection especially when your hands are dirty. The most effective method is to wash your hands thoroughly with soap for at least 20 seconds. To use hand sanitizer for the purpose of disinfecting from germs, rub hand sanitiser (just like how you wash your hands ) over all the surfaces of your hands and fingers until your hands are dry. This should take around 20 seconds.

Steps:

1. Apply a palmful of the product in a cupped hand.
2. Cover all surfaces of your hand
3. Rub hands palm to palm
4. Right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa
5. Palm to palm with fingers interlaced
6. Backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked
7. Rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in right palm and vice versa
8. Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards with clasped fingers of right hand in left palm and vice versa
9. Once dry, your hands are safe
10. The whole process should take 20 to 30 seconds 
11.  For further help and any question, kindly visit us at the HETAVED FARMACY via Whjatsapp @ +2348030899694 
12. OR more resources at https://www.amazon.com/author/amosobi

Lastly, If you are buying hand sanitizer for the sake of protection from coronavirus disease, make sure that it contains at least 60% alcohol. Many hand sanitizers available in the shops are alcohol-free with ingredients like benzalkonium chloride.

Coronavirus: Scientists reveal reduction in global air pollution and nitrogen dioxide levels

Since the Coronavirus outbreak, scientists have reported a decrease in air pollution and nitrogen dioxide levels around the world.
 
The World Health Organisation recently declared coronavirus a pandemic. At the same time, scientists from around the world have revealed a decline in air pollution and nitrogen dioxide levels.
At the beginning of March, NASA revealed that pollution levels in China, where the outbreak started, had dramatically reduced. NASA's pollution monitoring satellites detected significant decreases in nitrogen dioxide (NO2). In addition to this, analysis by Carbon Brief revealed the coronavirus has temporarily reduced China’s CO2 emissions by a quarter.
Italy, where cases have dramatically increased and is now the country with the largest number of cases outside of China, has also experienced a decline in air pollution.
New data from the European Space Agency found a reduction in nitrogen dioxide emissions. The ESA say this reduction is particularly visible in northern Italy, which coincides with its nationwide lockdown.
 
Claus Zehner, ESA’s Copernicus Sentinel-5P mission manager, said: “The decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions over the Po Valley in northern Italy is particularly evident.”
“Although there could be slight variations in the data due to cloud cover and changing weather, we are very confident that the reduction in emissions that we can see, coincides with the lockdown in Italy causing less traffic and industrial activities.”
Josef Aschbacher, ESA’s Director of Earth Observation Programmes, said: “Copernicus Sentinel-5P Tropomi is the most accurate instrument today that measures air pollution from space. These measurements, globally available thanks to the free and open data policy, provide crucial information for citizens and decision makers."
In the United States, pollution levels have also declined. Researchers told the BBC that New York has seen a 50% reduction in carbon monoxide emissions, compared to last year. Traffic levels are estimated to be down by 35 percent and they report a ‘solid drop’ in methane levels.
As some of the world comes to a standstill, there is no doubt that we will see a further decline in global emissions. As uncertainity grows around the longevity of the virus, no one knows just how much of an impact on pollution levels it could have.